I added the comment below on the site of the IOP-Institute of Physics, regarding a paper published by its journal ERL on evapotranspiration:

"Evapotranspiration alone does not guarantee that the hydrological cycle is getting faster. It is well known (e.g., Brutsaert-Parlange 1998) that the evaporation has decreased in the last 50 years in many parts of the world while the clouds and the precipitation have increased in the same period. And the evaporation from free water surfaces is much higher than the evapotranspiration from plants and soils.

Because the world was aware only on the knowledge of the conventional or natural water cycle, this decreased evaporation-increased clouds and precipitation led to the incomprehension called “evaporation paradox”, which is now correctly solved in the article “The Physical Principles Elucidate Numerous Atmospheric Behaviors and Human-Induced Climatic Consequences” through the true physical principles, in contrast to the nonsense empirical “solutions” by Brutsaert-Parlange 1998 and by Roderick-Farquhar 2002, for example.

Furthermore, the natural hydrological cycle is not only getting faster (due to other reasons), but it is changed, and changed according to the New Hydrological Cycle discovered by Sartori. The empirical science on global warming is able to think only about the CO2 and thus does not see the correct human influence and the relevant atmospheric behaviors with their consequences that affect the air directly.

The conventional water cycle says that Precipitation = Evaporation. However, if I throw one drop of water into the air this equation must be modified to 

Precipitation = Evaporation + One drop.

This is what the New Hydrological Cycle establishes. Of course, one drop doesn’t matter but only one fossil fuel power plant of 600 MW can throw to the air more than 2,400,000 kg/h = 57,600,000 kg/day of water. If we concentrate such emissions in one square meter, this figure will become equal to 21,024,000,000 kg/yr m2. Remember, this is only for one power plant of 600 MW! Meanwhile, one millimeter in a square meter corresponds to one liter or to one kilogram. Thus, 1.18 mm/year corresponds to 1.18 kg/yr m2. It seems that the water emissions by only one power plant are much higher than 1.18 kg/yr m2 and cause much more clouds and precipitation than the evapotranspiration…

Moreover, considering the corresponding latent heat for this power plant we obtain 1,507,266,667 W/m2. This is equal to 2,153,238 times (!!) the very good solar radiation of 700 W/m2, which also means that the sun is not the only heat source for the atmosphere. These enormous mass and heat added constantly and directly to the atmosphere by certain human activities cause much more damage to the climate than the indirect and supposed high consequences by the CO2 and its radiation. By the way, the air temperature does not depend only on the radiation heat transfer and thus the “hockey stick” and everything that comes from such understanding and application is invalid, ingenuous and erroneous.

You can learn much more through the paper mentioned above as well as through the other one titled “Climate Changes: How the Atmosphere Really Works”.

You want to hide the New Hydrological Cycle and other correct and relevant discoveries but you cannot run from them! OK, continue thinking empirically and dedicating all of your efforts on the irrelevant and erroneous CO2 and on its radiation and giving importance only to your mafia journals and then you will lead the world to the hole, not to the proper solutions for the humanity".

Science must be objective, impersonal, not subjective (through polls, for example), in order to find the true scientific ways for the benefit of the humankind. Since we all live on a same planet, these correct ways are important and decisive for all. Therefore, I recommend you to read the papers "Climate Changes: How the Atmosphere Really Works" and “The Physical Principles Elucidate Numerous Atmospheric Behaviors", which ones change the world and demonstrate the true physical principles of the atmospheric behaviors that were also confirmed by experimental data and calculations. Everything there is consistent, coherent and transparent. A true science can be written even onto a napkin, and these articles were submitted to strong peer-review as well as the author is firmly aware on the correctness of the physical principles that he writes about.    

There you will see, among many other things:  

- the planet works according to two systems of the solar energy area: a solar still and a solar evaporator, and not according to a CO2 layer circling the planet or to a common greenhouse without water;

- the radiation is not the only heat transfer mode for determining the air temperature and is much smaller than the evaporation one, and then among many other conclusions this is why the "hockey stick" is a fraud;

- the current science on global warming or climate changes caused by the CO2 says that when the atmosphere warms the evaporation increases, but it is demonstrated physically and mathematically that this is wrong. For example, if temperature or warming created water, the Sahara would be the most humid place on the planet;  

- the true explanation and solution for the “evaporation paradox”. The corresponding empirical “solutions” found for such incomprehension violate the fundamental laws of the nature or of the physics, such as the law of conservation of energy and mass;  

- cloud covers reduce the wind and the evaporation and can increase the warming below them. The CO2 does not have this physical property;  

- through true graphs and calculations, the theoretical influence of the CO2 on the air temperature is shown to be less than one percent, thus, an insignificant influence. Ingenuous arguments such as the rudimentary and incipient ones of the 19^th Century used by NASA, for example, to justify the power of the CO2, merely inform that this gas has a greenhouse effect, but does not define about how much is its power. Furthermore, the CO2 has no one physical property to cause any climate changes;  

- the CO2 is not decisive for building and changing the temperatures of Venus, Mercury, Mars, Jupiter and Earth; 

- the Sun is not the only heat source for the atmosphere;

- the geoengineering is an absolute insanity and demonstrates the deep lack of knowledge on the true atmospheric behaviors; 

- ice cores are invalid for "determining" "past" temperatures or climates of the planet; 

- how an igloo works;

- that's incredible, humans can influence the climate, but not as has been said to us up to now; 

- the New Hydrological Cycle, discovered by Sartori;

- which is the most accurate equation for the evaporation rate;

- much, much more. 

And further info at 

http://sartori-aquecimentoglobal.blogspot.com

THE “HOCKEY STICK” AND THE "EMPIRE" ARE OVERTHROWN

I am going to start commenting on the dogmas or pillars of the pseudo-science on “global” warming or “climate changes caused by the CO2” that were overthrown by the articles “Climate Changes: How the Atmosphere Really Works” (2015) and “The Physical Principles Elucidate Numerous Atmospheric Behaviors and Human-Induced Climatic Consequences” (2012).  

For such group of empiricist researchers, the air temperature and all the rest of climatic changes have increased homogeneously and globally due to the increased emissions of CO2 and of other gases. And, according to them, only the solar/thermal radiation takes place and modifies the air temperature and the climate.  

First of all, I will do a parenthesis to say that simple temperature changes of the order of 2 ºC and for 2100, as they state, do not have power to cause any catastrophe, since such magnitude corresponds to simple variations of daily temperatures in micro-climates and such variations are natural and cause nothing besides simple and common temperature changes with their simple and common warming/cooling processes. And such guys are already saying that many and tremendous catastrophes have already happened due to a supposed increase of mere 0.8 ºC in relation to the temperatures of the 20th Century. First, they cannot guarantee that such increase is real and that it is by indirect action by human beings (greenhouse effect caused by the CO2) due to various reasons including well-known frauds and manipulations (e.g., Climategate, “hockey stick”, NASAGATE).

Moreover, they give no one scientific explanation with the use of physical principles on the reasons why only 0.8 ºC is able to cause so many and strong things, they only say and prove nothing. This is not science! Even so, their journals continue publishing everything that the defenders of the “global” warming “caused by the CO2” want, once the authors simply make the link between anything and the CO2. Furthermore, the IPCC AR4 of 2007 states that the temperature for 2100 will increase up to 6.4 ºC, but now that people say that such increase will be of 2 ºC. Then, we ask: has the planet cooled or are their forecasts wrong? Obviously, their “models”, “science”, statements and thoughts are wrong!              

I will start by the radiation. Their greenhouse effect is represented by a layer of CO2 surrounding the Earth and where only the radiation influences the air temperature and other climate changes. Their greenhouse effect is also represented by a common greenhouse without water. 

They also show not to know that the atmosphere works according to heat and mass balances. Thus, for them the solar radiation S is the only energy source for the Earth’s surface and the thermal radiation qr emitted back is the only energy released by this surface and the air temperature would be a consequence of such heat balance. So, 

S = qr                                                       (1)

However, this way to consider what influences the air temperature is totally wrong because not only the solar/thermal radiation takes place, but also other heat transfer modes and other components and parameters. The heat losses (or emissions) from the Earth’s surface do not happen solely by radiation, but also by evaporation qe (which is the greatest parcel!), qc by convection and qk by conduction to the ground. Thus,

S = qe + qr + qc + qk                               (2)

As we can see, other heat transfer modes besides the radiation affect the processes of heating/cooling of the atmosphere and consequently the air temperature, that is, eq. (1) is totally wrong and as the result the air temperature also becomes erroneous. If a student, after having studied the corresponding subject, referred to eq. (1) as the correct one for the case (also influenced by the empirical science), he/she would receive a zero.      

To illustrate, let’s see a numerical example. So, if we take any value for the solar radiation, let’s say S = 700 W/m², the summation of the energy lost by the surface to the air and to the soil must be equal to 700 W/m² (in steady state, to simplify). Thus, if we have, for example,  

                                           700 = 400 + 175 + 124 + 1

then

      

                                                              700 = 700

The proportions above are approximate and were adopted according to known theoretical-experimental data and where we can see that the radiation is not the greater part and is much smaller than the released energy by evaporation. And if only the radiation was considered the energy balance would not match and the resulting air temperature would become erroneous, as we can see through eq. (1). For the pseudo-science the above count gives 700 = 175. Furthermore, that group eliminates the water vapor from the atmosphere as a contributor for the influence on the air temperature, thus, how could eq. (1) and the air temperature be correct for them?     

Therefore, values of the air temperature cannot be determined only by changing the levels of the CO2 and of the corresponding radiation, as they state and make the “hockey stick”. Since the air temperature depends on a series of factors and parameters, there aren’t scientific reasons that connect the temperature only with the CO2, also because this gas does not have any special power to command the temperature and the climate, as demonstrated in Sartori (2015). There is no one reason that justifies that the variations of temperature must follow up the variations of CO2. Therefore, the “hockey stick” is empiricism, a scientific ignorance and a fraud made by such pseudoscience. The atmosphere does not work only with radiation and CO2! So easy!

Moreover, to consider only the radiation in this process violates the Law of conservation of energy (nothing is created, nothing is lost, everything is transformed), which concept was discovered by Lomonosov 14 years before Lavoisier. This law represents the fundamental behavior of the nature, and then everything that comes from such violation becomes erroneous and an irrationality. It is with the true science that we unmask scientifically and ethically that kind of group that protects itself. So, being the “hockey stick” overthrown, their “empire” is also dethroned!

And by these demonstrations we can clearly see how erroneous and absurd are their pseudoscience and “models”, and even so such group wants to determine the destinies of the world. The science and the humanity cannot be leaded irresponsibly.

A SUMMARY OF THE SARTORI THEORY: HOW THE ATMOSPHERE AND CLIMATE CHANGES REALLY WORK

The fossil fuel power plants are always installed at the sides of rivers and lakes because they need too much water for consumption and use. The consumption of water by a coal fired power plant of 600 MW is about 3.5 l/kWh. Thus,

3.5 l/kWh x 600000 kWh = 2,100,000 l/h = 50,400,000 l/d = 1,512,000,000 l/m!

I said “consumption”, which super heated steam is thrown to the atmosphere and not “use of water”, which one returns very heated to the reservoir. 

If one drop of water is thrown to the air, one drop of water will come back, but the fossil fuel power plants, industries, vehicles, etc, do not release only millions of tons of water to the atmosphere, but also tons of particulate matter and much heat per hour. We can take these numbers to illustrate what they can generate in the atmosphere, as already demonstrated in Sartori (2012; 2015).      

Fig. 1

 

Figure 1 shows how the nature or the atmosphere worked before the actions of certain human activities. There was natural evaporation with its natural velocity and natural formation of clouds and precipitation, according to the natural evaporation velocity and other natural factors. The natural or conventional water cycle worked. And the ventilation was good.

Fig. 2

Then appeared industries, fossil fuel power plants, nukes, vehicles, etc, which ones started throwing millions of tons of water vapor to the air around the globe at every instant. Then the formation of clouds started not depending on the natural evaporation, because these agents started to release more water vapor, particulate matter and heat to the air and more rapidly than the natural cycles can do. Then, the cloud cover started to increase and then more raining and floods started to happen, with irregular spatial and temporal distributions. Then the New Hydrological Cycle, discovered by Sartori, started to work (Fig. 2). This is not only theory, but also well demonstrated and justified with real data and mathematical calculations in Sartori (2012; 2015). And such as the wind disappears from a surface when we cover it, so the wind reduces due to the greater closing by clouds and this happened in some places of the world. For example, the population of China refers to the “disappearing winds” – see Sartori (2012). And greater closing corresponds to an airless environment, increased temperature (this one depends on the transparency of clouds) and warming for the people. And the evaporation decreases.         

Fig. 3

However, since the fossil fuel power plants, industries, vehicles, burnings, etc, also throw  millions of tons of solid particles in the air, a time arrives when there is a limit of saturation for the water vapor, particulates and heat to form clouds and rain and then the solid particulates in excess accumulate in the atmosphere and create a solid “barrier” in the air, with consequent less clouds and less rain and more droughts in uncertain periods and places (Fig. 3).  

Since the power plants, nukes and industries also throw a lot of heat in the air besides water and particulates, extra heat generates clouds, rain and strong winds, which ones can generate storms, tornadoes and hurricanes.

And the CO2 has nothing to do with global warming, floods, droughts, tornadoes, hurricanes, etc.

By this way I did a summary of the Sartori theory that describes correctly the working principles of the atmosphere and of climate changes caused by certain human activities..

More info: http://sartori-aquecimentoglobal.blogspot.com  (in Portuguese)

References:

1) Sartori, E. (2015). Climate Changes: How the Atmosphere Really Works. Open J. of Applied Sciences, V. 5, No.4. 

http://www.scirp.org/Journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=55957#.VTpNedJVgoI

2) Sartori, E. (2012). The Physical Principles Elucidate Numerous Atmospheric Behaviors and Human-Induced Climatic Consequences, Open J. of Applied Sciences, V. 2, No. 4.

http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=25758#.VTqXktJVgoI